The Role of The Internet of things in Healthcare Transformation

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Internet technology has become an integral part of our lives today, providing convenience in various aspects of mobility, information, communication, insight, and creativity.In the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, the internet continues to experience increasingly sophisticated developments.Initially, the internet was created by the American Department of Defense (ARPANET) in the mid-19th century as part of research for military applications.However, in its development, the internet has grown rapidly into thousands of networks that connect countries around the world to facilitate mobility in various ways.
❒ P-ISSN: 2963-6086, E-ISSN:  One of the innovations that emerged from the advancement of the internet is the Internet of Things (IoT), which was first proposed by Kevin Ashton in 1999.The development of IoT has positive implications in the healthcare field.It enables the use of wearable technology to track patients' health conditions more effectively, assist in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, and supervise patients remotely.
However, in adopting IoT technology in healthcare, it is also necessary to consider the security aspects of IoT systems as well as data protection and legal remedies that can be taken by patients.Health data collected through IoT-based applications is highly personal information and must be properly protected.Therefore, it is important to keep the IoT system secure and consider legal remedies to ensure that the collected data is not leaked or misused.
In this context, we will explore more about the potential of IoT in healthcare, its benefits in patient monitoring, and the importance of maintaining the security and privacy of health data in the implementation of IoT applications.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networked computing devices that includes physical and digital equipment, objects, and living things that have been given unique IDs and are able to transport data across a network without the need for human or computer intervention.In another perspective, Banafa defines IoT as a platform consisting of hardware and software that interact with each other to connect everyday objects to the internet, enabling the collection and exchange of information.
Thus, IoT is a system that involves various types of devices, including mechanical and digital devices, objects, animals, or even humans that have unique identification.These systems are capable of transferring data over a network without direct human interaction.In addition, IoT also includes hardware and software that interact seamlessly to connect everyday objects to the internet, enabling the collection and exchange of relevant information.Connectivity Communication channels that enable information sharing and conversation between devices.

Standards
The application of different standards, such as technological and legal standards, depends on the IoT application.

Intelligent Analysis
The purpose of the IoT use case is to generate business advice or insights.

Intelligent Action
Machine-to-machine interface operations, or M2M interface actions, are performed automatically.Better system management and the full potential of technology are possible through automation and artificial intelligence.

Network
The collected data is sent to the cloud infrastructure, but transit requires media.

Sensors
Help in collecting very small data from the surrounding environment.A device can have multiple sensors that can be combined together.

Analytics
The cloud infrastructure will first identify the user requesting the data, and then deliver the data to the application.Data coming from devices and sensors will be translated into an easy-to-read format.

Device
An object or entity that has a physical form and the ability to send data over a network and has embedded systems.

Cloud
IoT generates a lot of data, which can be stored and processed using cloud systems.
10. User Interface Users can easily access and operate IoT devices due to the transparent interface.
The three basic components of an IoT network for healthcare are: 1. Network topology is the term used to describe how the various components of a network are organized.
2. Network architecture refers to the rules for defining the physical components, their functional organization, engineering and operating standards.3. To build a bridge between IoT devices and ALG services and the cloud, the Device to Gateway/Device to Application Layer Gateway (ALG) concept is employed.Simply said, the local gateway device acts as a conduit between the IoT device and the cloud service via a software program that is running on it.

Back to End Data Sharing Model
It is a communication architecture that allows users to transmit and analyze data objects originating from cloud services, as well as combine them with other source data.In this architecture, users can integrate and process data objects from cloud services with data from other sources to perform more comprehensive analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Classification of IoT Transformation in personal healthcare: 1. Clinical Care IoT technology can be used in clinical care to monitor patient conditions continuously.This monitoring system uses sensors to measure the patient's physiological information which is then sent to an internal server or cloud computing.This data is analyzed by doctors or paramedics for further evaluation.The use of this system can improve the quality of healthcare, reduce treatment costs, and make it easier for paramedics to actively collect health data.

Remote Monitoring
Remote monitoring of patients uses a small but powerful wireless sensor network (JSN) connected via IoT technology.These sensors can capture patient data and transmit it over a wireless network.Doctors and paramedics can read the data and provide recommendations remotely.Thus, access to healthcare increases while the cost of delivering healthcare decreases.
The integration of medical software and hardware with networks linking healthcare information technology systems is known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT).IoMT enables the collection of patient data and the delivery of that data to healthcare professionals.IoMT supports the shift to a patient-focused healthcare system.IoMT devices can monitor, detect, and report on patient medical conditions such as oxygen levels, temperature, and pulse rate.In addition, IoMT devices can also collect and transmit contextual data about the patient's environment, such as the patient's location, ambient temperature, and activity level.By combining this medical data and contextual information, IoMT provides a comprehensive summary of the patient's condition to healthcare workers in real-time and remotely.❒ frequently passed during an asthma attack, the system can help remind patients to avoid risky places.

Some of the famous applications of
2. The bracelet device records and manages sleep quality and daily exercise activity.
3. Smart health devices with health sensors are used to assess, assist, and treat patients with various health conditions such as advanced diabetes, cardiac care, medication administration, asthma attack prediction, and monitoring general health and well-being.
Several researchers have designed health monitoring tools using different technologies and processes.
In 2016, Arwa Khuzema and his team conducted research on real-time monitoring of human vital signs using Bluetooth and WLAN.They used the SEN 11574 heart rate sensor, but did not include detailed body temperature measurements and used a more accurate digital sensor.In the same year, Sudhindra F and his colleagues conducted research on developing a real-time human body temperature monitoring and alert system using GSM and GPS.They used analog body temperature sensors and provided message notifications as well as patient location.In 2017, Vikram Singh R. Parihar and his team conducted research on a heart rate and body temperature monitoring system for remote patients using Arduino and wireless networks.However, data transmission is still limited by distance and has not used a digital body temperature sensor.In 2018, R.Devi and her colleagues conducted research on a heart rate monitoring system using the Internet of Things (IoT) using analog and digital heart rate sensors.They also developed a portable device.In the same year, Trie Maya Kadarina successfully created a prototype of a portable medical device that can retrieve data from heart rate sensors and blood oxygen levels (SpO2).This prototype is able to retrieve, process, record, and analyze heart rate and SpO2 data from the sensor to the server.They also used Raspberry Pi to implement patient condition analysis by comparing sensor data with reference tables in the Raspberry Pi database.In 2019, Bhagwati Kamble and his team conducted research on monitoring a patient's heart rate without having to visit a hospital.The monitoring results can be seen by the patient himself, and the doctor will receive a notification if there are abnormalities.In 2020, Silvia Ratna conducted research on IoT-based health monitoring systems.They proposed a prototype of a Health Monitoring System that provides excellent data accuracy.The system allows the medical team and family members to monitor heart rate data in real-time, and patients can view their medical records anytime and anywhere via mobile devices.
In these studies, researchers have proposed and developed various IoT-based health monitoring methods and technologies, with the aim of improving real-time patient monitoring capabilities, collecting data with better accuracy, and providing easier access to patients and medical personnel in viewing and analyzing health data.

CONCLUSION
With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the development of wearable devices, real-time and remote monitoring of patient conditions has become possible.In the field of telemedicine, IoT has great potential because it can integrate various sensors and devices attached to the patient's body.The collected medical information can be sent to a server or cloud computing via the internet, allowing healthcare workers to further analyze it.This opens up opportunities to improve patient health monitoring, provide more effective treatments, and support better medical decision-making.Thus, IoT and wearable technology have an important role to play in the digital transformation of healthcare, providing significant benefits in delivering better and more affordable healthcare.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Components of the Internet of Things

3 .
Platforms that include both types of computer platforms and network platforms.IoT communication model: 1. Device to Device Communications Without the need of an application server, Internet of Things includes the direct connection and communication of two or more devices.Networks of all kinds, including IP networks and the internet, are used for this communication.In IoT, The Role of The Internet of things in Healthcare Transformation (Sardar M. N. Islam) 2. Device to Cloud Communications IoT devices have a direct connection with cloud services via the internet, which can be used for data exchange and graph control.With this connection, IoT devices can connect directly to application service providers in the cloud, enabling efficient data exchange and better control through available graphs.

IoMT: 1 .
Global positioning system GPS is used in asthma patients' nebulizers to record the location of medical device use.By tracking locations that are Int.Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2, No. 1, November 2023: 1-6 Int.Trans on AI P-ISSN: 2963-6086, E-ISSN: 2963-1939